Acute effects of moderate-intensity continuous physical exercise performed with different amounts of muscle mass on executive function in healthy young adults: a randomized trial.

We examined the effect of amount of muscle mass involved in moderate-intensity continuous physical exercise on executive function. To this end, fifty-five participants completed two acute physical exercise sessions on an airbike ergometer using the upper and lower limbs simultaneously and only the upper limbs, and a resting control session in a randomized order. The physical exercise session lasted 30 min and was performed at moderate intensity (between 64 %-76 % of maximal heart rate evaluated in graded maximal exercise testing). Participants took the Stroop test (congruent and incongruent trials) before and after the sessions to assess executive performance. For the congruent trial, both physical exercise interventions improved executive function performance (pre vs. post, p-value = 0.002 and 0.003 for physical exercise with upper limbs and physical exercise with upper and lower limbs, respectively). Furthermore, executive function performance was higher after the physical exercise interventions than after the control session (p-value = 0.002 and 0.004 for physical exercise with upper limbs and physical exercise with upper and lower limbs, respectively). For the incongruent trial, both physical exercise interventions also improved executive function performance (pre vs. post, p-value < 0.001 for physical exercise with upper limbs and physical exercise with upper and lower limbs, respectively). However, there were no significant differences after both physical exercise interventions and resting control session (p-value = 0.175). Executive function (congruent trial) was positively impacted by acute aerobic physical exercise regardless of the amount of muscle mass involved (upper limbs or upper plus lower limbs). Therefore, we recommend aerobic physical exercise with less or more muscle mass involved to improve cognitive function.

Inter e intra-variability of the best ranked teams: A network analysis in male high-level volleyball.

The present research objective was to analyze the offensive phase from Complex I in high-level male volleyball teams in a macro- and micro-level view, through the inter e intra-team variability analysis of eight best teams of the 2018 Men's Volleyball World Championship over the social network analysis and eigenvector centrality. The sample consisted of 22 matches and 2,743 offensive actions, resulting in 8 sub-networks with 368 nodes and 6221 edges. The results showed from macro view the variables that presented highest centrality values were Attack Zone 4 (range 0.56-0.90), Attack Tempo 2 (0.65-0.87), Power Attack (0.62-0.94), No Touch Block (0.61-1), Attack Effect Continuity (0.59-0.94), and Middle Blocker Centralized (0.60-0.95). In a micro view, Reception Effect, Play Position, Reception Zone, and Block Composition showed high variability in each sub-network. The intra- and inter-team variability presented the importance of to respect each team idiosyncrasies and to consider the different approaches to the game and success.

Prevalence of fear of COVID-19, depression, and anxiety among undergraduate students during remote classes.

BACKGROUND: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, undergraduate students were exposed to symptoms of psychological suffering during remote classes. Therefore, it is important to investigate the factors that may be generated and be related to such outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between fear of COVID-19, depression, anxiety, and related factors in undergraduate students during remote classes. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 218 undergraduate students (60.6% women and 39.4% men). Students answered a self-administered online questionnaire designed to gather personal information, pandemic exposure, physical activity level, fear of COVID-19 using the 'Fear of COVID-19 Scale', symptoms of depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and anxiety using General Anxiety Disorder-7. RESULTS: Undergraduate students had a high prevalence of depression and anxiety (83.0% and 76.1%, respectively) but a low prevalence of fear of COVID-19 (28.9%) during remote classes. Multivariate analysis revealed that women who reported health status as neither good nor bad and who had lost a family member from COVID-19 had the highest levels of fear. For depression and anxiety, the main related factors found were female gender, bad health status, insufficiently active, and complete adherence to the restriction measures. CONCLUSION: These findings may be used to develop actions to manage symptoms of anxiety and depression among students, with interventions through physical activity programmes to improve mental health.

Did the Absence of Crowd Support During the Covid-19 Pandemic Affect the Home Advantage in Brazilian Elite Soccer?

This study aimed to investigate the impact of crowd absence due to the COVID-19 pandemic on home advantage in Series A and B of professional Brazilian male soccer. Moreover, we sought to compare the home advantage between different competitive levels. Data from 2018 to 2020 Brazilian professional soccer championships (Series A and B) were analyzed, consisting of 2280 matches. The effect of home advantage was calculated in relation to the number of points won, the number of wins, goals scored and goals conceded. Our results indicated that home advantage was reduced in Serie A. Specifically, the 2020 (absence of the crowd) and 2019 seasons showed smaller home advantage compared to the 2018 season. On the other hand, Serie B analyses indicated no changes in home advantage over the seasons analyzed. The comparison of home advantage between competitive levels indicated higher home advantage in Serie A, exclusively in the 2018 season. In addition to the absence of fans, other changes occurred in elite sports due to the pandemic, such as changes in rules and the calendar. Considering that home advantage is affected by multiple interacting factors, it is important to investigate specific sports leagues across the world to determine which factors had the greatest impact on the advantage of playing home matches.

Market value of Brazilian soccer players that played 2020 series A and B of the Brazilian championship: an analysis based on quarters of birth and playing position

Abstract Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of RAE in soccer players from different positions in Series A and B in 2020 Brazilian soccer, as well as the impact of RAE on the estimated market value of these players. Methods: Data from 1080 male elite soccer athletes were analyzed. Athletes were grouped according to birth quarters: Q1 (January-March), Q2 (April-June), Q3 (July-September), and Q4 (October-December) and the competitive level (Series A or B). Chi-square tests (χ2) were performed to compare the birthdates' distribution of athletes according to a competitive level and playing positions. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the market values of players born in each of the quarters of the year across competitive levels and playing positions. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: The overall analyses showed the prevalence of RAE in Series A and B, with an overrepresentation of athletes born in the first two quarters of the year. The RAE analysis based on playing positions showed different from expected distributions for forwards, midfielders, and defenders in Series A. In Series B, only midfielders showed a difference from the expected distribution. As for the market values analyses, no differences were found based on the athletes' birth quarters, regardless of competitive level or playing position. Conclusion: Our results indicate that, although RAE is prevalent in Series A and B of elite Brazilian soccer, it does not seem to influence players' estimated market values.

Relative Age Effect on Brazilian male elite futsal athletes according to playing position and performance by goals scored on Brazil National Futsal Leagues

Abstract Introduction: The relative age effect is prevalent in different elite team sports. However, little is known about this phenomenon in high-level adult male futsal players. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of relative age effect in Brazilian male elite futsal players, and its relationship with playing position and goals scored on Brazil National Futsal Leagues (BNFL) from 2016 to 2020. Methods: The distribution of birth dates, playing positions, and goals scored by male participants of the Brazil National Futsal Leagues were analyzed. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze the birth dates distribution based on quarters and semesters of the year, according to playing position (defender, winger, pivot, and goalkeeper) and scoring performance (high and low). Results: The overall analysis indicated that the relative age effect is prevalent on the pool of athletes analyzed. However, this effect was position-dependent, since relatively older athletes were overrepresented only in wingers and defenders playing positions. On the other hand, scoring performance was not associated with the relative age effect, since this effect was found in both performance levels. Conclusion: Relative age effects are prevalent in Brazilian male elite futsal athletes, especially for defenders and wingers. Considering the high level of competitiveness for spots in elite futsal teams, coaches and sports administrators must be educated about the prevalence of the relative age effect in this sporting context. This is necessary in order to reduce the inequalities generated by age categories based on arbitrary cut-off dates, which may reduce potential talent loss.

O ensino do esporte na educação física escolar: um ensaio sobre as potencialidades do TGFU / Sport teaching in school physical education: a essays of TGFU potentialities / Enseñanza deportiva en educación física escolar: un ensayos de potencialidades TGFU

O objetivo deste artigo é indicar as potencialidades do Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) no ensino do esporte nas aulas de Educação Física. O estudo é um recorte do referencial teórico da dissertação: "Esporte na Educação Física escolar: uma proposta pedagógica no ensino do Handebol", com base em livros, anais de eventos, teses, dissertações e artigos que tematizam o TGfU, escritos em português, inglês e espanhol, sem recorte cronológico, buscando o máximo de obras que contribuíssem com o estudo. São apresentados os princípios pedagógicos, fases e reformulações do TGfU, além de estudos empíricos que evidenciam a capacidade do modelo em incrementar a aprendizagem e a motivação dos alunos, indicando a pertinência do TGfU no ensino do esporte na Educação Física escola (AU).

The purpose of this article is to indicate the potential of Teaching Games for Understanfing (TGfU), in the teaching of sport in Physical Education classes. The study is an excerpt from the theoretical framework of the dissertation: "Sport in Physical Education at school: a pedagogical proposal in the teaching of Handball", based on books, annals of events, theses, dissertations and articles, which focus on TGfU, written in Portuguese, English and Spanish, without chronological cut, seeking the maximum number of works that contribute to the study. The pedagogical principles, phases and reformulations of the TGfU are presented, as well as empirical studies that demonstrate the model's capacity to increase students' learning and motivation, indicating the relevance of TGfU in the teaching of sport in school Physical Education (AU).

El propósito de este artículo es indicar el potencial de la Enseñanza de Juegos para la Comprensión (TGfU), en la enseñanza del deporte en las clases de Educación Física. El estudio es un extracto del marco teórico de la disertación: "El deporte en la educación física en la escuela: una propuesta pedagógica en la enseñanza del balonmano", basado en libros, anales de eventos, tesis, disertaciones y artículos, que se centran en TGfU, escrito en portugués, inglés y español, sin corte cronológico, buscando el máximo número de obras que contribuyan al estudio. Se presentan los principios pedagógicos, fases y reformulaciones del TGfU, así como estudios empíricos que demuestran la capacidad del modelo para incrementar el aprendizaje y la motivación de los estudiantes, indicando la relevancia del TGfU en la enseñanza del deporte en la Educación Física escola (AU).

Effects of Congested Fixture on Men's Volleyball Load Demands: Interactions with Sets Played.

The purpose of this study was to compare the external load, internal load, and technical efficacy between the first and the second matches (M1 and M2) occurring in congested fixtures (two matches in two days) using the number of sets as a moderating factor. An observational analytic research design was adopted. Data from official volleyball matches were collected during the first competitive period of the championship, comprising 14 competitive games within 10 weeks. Ten male elite volleyball athletes (age: 21.7 ± 4.19 years of age; experience: 6.2 ± 3.8 years; body mass: 85.7 ± 8.69 kg; height: 192.4 ± 6.25 cm; BMI: 23.1 ± 1.40 kg/m2) participated in this study. Players were monitored for external load (number of jumps and height of jumps) and internal load (using the rate of perceived exertion-RPE). Additionally, notational analysis collected information about attack efficacy and receptions made during matches. The mixed ANOVA revealed no significant interaction between time (M1 vs. M2) and number of sets for number of jumps per minute (p = 0.235; ηp2 = 0.114), mean jump height (p = 0.076; ηp2 = 0.193), RPE (p = 0.261; ηp2 = 0.106), attack efficacy (p = 0.346; ηp2 = 0.085), Positive reception (p = 0.980; ηp2 = 0.002) and Perfect reception (p = 0.762; ηp2 = 0.022). In conclusion, congested fixtures do not seem to affect the performance of volleyball players negatively.

Coexistence of Distinct Performance Models in High-Level Women's Volleyball.

In performance analysis, and most notably in match analysis, generalizing game patterns in a sport or competition may result in formulating generic models and neglecting relevant variability in benefit of average or central values. Here, we aimed to understand how different game models can coexist at the same competitive level using social network analysis with degree centrality to obtain systemic mappings for six volleyball matches, one for each of the six national teams playing in the 2014 World Grand Prix Finals, guaranteeing a homogeneous game level and balanced matches. Although the sample was not recent, this was not relevant for our purposes, since we aimed to merely expose a proof of concept. A total of 56 sets and 7,176 ball possessions were analysed through Gephi Software, considering game actions as nodes and the interaction between them as edges. Results supported the coexistence of different performance models at the highest levels of practice, with each of the six teams presenting a very distinct game model. For example, important differences in eigenvector centrality in attack zones (ranging from 0 to 34) and tempos (20 to 38) were found between the six teams, as well as in defensive lines (20 to 39) and block opposition (22 to 37). This further suggests that there may be multiple pathways towards expert performance within any given sport, inviting a re-conceptualization of monolithic talent identification, detection and selection models. Future studies could benefit from standardizing the metrics in function of the number of ball possessions.

Association between anthropometric and physical data of university soccer players from different positions / Associação entre dados antropométricos e físicos de jogadores universitários de futebol de diferentes posições

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to check if there is an association between fitness performance variables and to analyze the variation of fitness levels between playing positions university soccer players. Twenty university soccer players were selected (20.95 ± 1.84 years; 71.60 ± 11.65 kg; 176.85 ± 7.28 m) divided into defenders, midfielders and attackers. Body composition was assessed in a cross-sectional analysis that correlated fat mass, lean mass and fat-free mass by DXA with the physical capacity tests. The main results of the present study revealed that both 10-m and 20-m accelerations had moderate-to-large correlations with agility tests across the playing positions, however these accelerations were largely inversely correlated with YoYo intermittent recovery test in defenders and largely positively in midfielders. The agility test was moderately correlated with YoYo intermittent recovery test across the different playing positions. In conclusion, there the acceleration and the agility had a positive association with the different positions of the soccer players.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se existe associção entre as variáveis de desempenho físico e analisar a variação dos níveis de aptidão física entre as posições de jogador de futebol universitário. Foram selecionados 20 jogadores de futebol universitário (20,95 ± 1,84 anos; 71,60 ± 11,65 kg; 176,85 ± 7,28 m) divididos em zagueiros, meio-campistas e atacantes. Mensurou-se a composição corporal em uma análise transversal e correlacionou-se a massa gorda, massa magra e massa livre de gordura por meio do DXA com os testes de capacidade física. As principais evidências do presente estudo revelaram que as acelerações de 10 e 20 m tiveram correlações de moderada a grande com o teste de agilidade nas posições de jogo, porém essas acelerações foram inversamente correlacionadas com o teste de recuperação intermitente nos defensores e amplamente positiva nos meio-campistas. O teste de agilidade foi moderadamente correlacionado com o teste de recuperação intermitente YoYo nas diferentes posições de jogo. Em conclusão, a aceleração e a agilidade tiveram uma associação positiva com as diferentes posições dos jogadores de futebol.

Mood state, motivation and impulsiveness among students participating in youth school games / Estado de humor, motivação e impulsividade de estudantes participantes dos jogos escolares da juventude

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to describe the mood state, motivation and impulsiveness of students participating in youth school games and to compare these variables between sexes. The research was cross-sectional, and the sample was composed of 147 students aged 12 to 17 years old (14.53±1.51 years; 51.70% of male participants). The following scales were used: 1) Brunel Mood Scale; 2) Motives for Physical Activity Measure - Revised, and 3) Impulsive Behavior Scale. For comparison between groups, the Mann-Whitney U test was used, and the effect size was calculated by means of Cohen's d. The results showed that female students presented higher scores for anxiety, anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, lack of perseverance and premeditation. On the other hand, male students presented higher scores for appearance and health, seeming to be more motivated by extrinsic factors compared to females. Therefore, it is suggested that training strategies should be adapted by sex, in view of the respective characteristics.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever o estado de humor, motivação e impulsividade dos estudantes participantes dos Jogos Escolares da Juventude e comparar estas variáveis entre os sexos. A pesquisa teve caráter transversal e a amostra foi composta por 147 escolares de 12 a 17 anos (14,53±1,51 anos; 51,70% participantes do sexo masculino). As seguintes escalas foram utilizadas: 1) Brunel Mood Scale; 2) Motivação para Atividade Física Medida Revisada e 3) Escala de Comportamento Impulsivo. Para a comparação entre os grupos, utilizou-se o teste de U de Mann-Whitney e calculou-se o tamanho do efeito por meio do d de Cohen. Os resultados mostraram que escolares do sexo feminino apresentaram maiores escores de ansiedade, raiva, confusão, depressão, fadiga, falta de perseverança e premeditação. Por outro lado, escolares do sexo masculino apresentaram maiores escores na aparência e saúde, mostrando-se mais motivados por fatores extrínsecos, em relação ao sexo feminino. Portanto, sugere-se que as estratégias de treinamento sejam adaptadas conforme o sexo, tendo em vista as respectivas características.

O perfil do estado de humor, da motivação e da impulsividade de escolares participantes dos jogos escolares da juventude / The profile of the state of humor, motivation and impulsivity of school participants in youth school games / El perfil del estado de humor, motivación e impulsividad de los participantes escolares en juegos escolares juveniles

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o estado de humor, a mo- tivação e a impulsividade de escolares participantes dos Jogos Escolares da Juventude. A amostra foi composta por 147 estudantes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 12 e 17 anos. Foram aplicados, respectiva- mente, os seguintes instrumentos para humor, motivação e impulsivi - dade: 1) Brunel Mood Scale; 2) Motivação para Atividade Física Medida Revisada; e 3) Escala de Comportamento Impulsivo-UPPS. Os resultados indicaram que o humor dos escolares apresentou fator positivo, com elevados níveis de vigor; as dimensões que mais motivam os escolares se relacionam à competência e diversão; a impulsividade se caracterizou pela busca de sensações e urgência, indicando que tendem a se engajar em situações e atividades excitantes e a curto prazo.

The objective of this study was to analyze the mood, motivation and impulsivity of students participating in the Youth School Games. The sample consisted of 147 students of both genders, ages 12 to 17 years. The following instruments were applied respectively for humor, motivation and impulsivity: 1) Brunel Mood Scale; 2) Motivation for Physical Activity Revised Measure and 3) Impulsive Behavior Scale-UPPS. The results indicated that the mood of the students had a positive factor, with high vigor levels; The dimensions that motivate students the most are related to competence and fun; impulsivity was characterized by the pursuit of sensation and urgency, indicating that they tend to engage in exciting, short-term situations and activities.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el estado de ánimo, la motivación y la impulsividad de los estudiantes que participan en los Juegos Escolares Juveniles. La muestra consistió en 147 estudiantes de ambos sexos, de 12 a 17 años. Los siguientes instrumentos se aplicaron respectivamente para el humor, la motivación y la impulsividad: 1) Escala de estado de ánimo de Brunel; 2) Motivación para la actividad física Medida revisada y 3) Escala de comportamiento impulsivo-UPPS. Los resultados indicaron que el estado de ánimo de los estudiantes tenía un factor positivo, con altos niveles de vigor; Las dimensiones que más motivan a los estudiantes están relacionadas con la competencia y la diversión; La impulsividad se caracterizó por la búsqueda de la sensación y la urgencia, lo que indica que tienden a participar en situaciones y actividades emocionantes a corto plazo.

How context influences the tactical-technical behavior of learners: the case of volleyball / Como o contexto influencia o comportamento técnico e tático de aprendizes: o caso do voleibol

Abstract This study compared the tactical-technical behavior between two distinct situations of reduced volleyball games. The sample consisted of 12 games played by doubles, 6 of which were played in 3.0m x 3.0m (SIT1) and 6 of 2.0m x 4.5m (SIT2) courts. Thus, the behavior of 12 participants, with mean age of 16.7 ± 1.5 years and 3.2 ± 1.2 years of practice, was compared. The results showed that at reception, better results were obtained in adjustment and decision making in SIT2, whereas in SIT1, efficiency was higher; in setting, it was observed that SIT2 presented better results in technical performance, adjustment and efficiency, whereas in SIT1, efficiency was higher; in SIT2, attack, better results were observed in adjustment and decision-making. It was concluded that environmental restrictions influence the behaviors of learners, showing that different ecological contexts provide actions inherent to the specific game environment.

Resumo O estudo comparou o comportamento tático-técnico entre duas situações distintas de jogos reduzidos no voleibol. A amostra constituiu-se de 12 jogos disputados por duplas, sendo 6 praticados em quadras de 3,0m x 3,0m (SIT1) e 6 de 2,0m x 4,5m (SIT2). Assim, comparou-se o comportamento de 12 participantes, com idade média de 16,7 ±1,5 anos e com 3,2 ±1,2 anos de prática. Os resultados mostraram que na recepção houve melhores resultados no ajustamento e na tomada de decisão na SIT2, enquanto que na SIT1 a eficácia foi mais elevada; no levantamento observou-se que a SIT2 apresentou melhores resultados no desempenho técnico, ajustamento e eficiência, enquanto que na SIT1 a eficácia foi mais elevada; no ataque, na SIT2, observou-se melhores resultados no ajustamento e na tomada de decisão. Conclui-se que as restrições ambientais influenciam nos comportamentos dos aprendizes, evidenciando que contextos ecológicos diferentes oportunizam ações inerentes ao ambiente específico de jogo.

Effects of match period and playing position on the individual and collective dynamics in professional soccer: a case study / Efeitos do tempo e posição de jogo nas dinâmicas individuais e coletivas no futebol profissional: um estudo de caso

Abstract This study aimed to compare the width, the length, the length per width ratio, and the stretch index between the first and the second halves in official soccer matches, and to compare the spatial exploration index between players from different positions. Seventeen professional soccer players from a Brazilian club participated in the study and were monitored during six official matches by a GPS device. Collective positional data were compared between the two halves using a paired t-test, while the spatial exploration index was compared between the playing positions and within the halves by a mixed two-way ANOVA. The results revealed no differences between the two halves for the collective variables. The highest values of spatial exploration index were reported for central midfielders and wing forwards. We conclude that the tactical behavior of professional soccer players is position-dependent, and midfielders are the most exploratory players on the pitch.

Resumo Este estudo comparou a largura, profundidade, razão entre profundidade largura e o índice de alongamento entre o primeiro e o segundo tempo de jogos oficiais de futebol, e o índice de exploração espacial entre jogadores de diferentes posições. Dezessete jogadores profissionais de futebol de um clube brasileiro participaram deste estudo e foram monitorados por um equipamento de GPS durante seis partidas oficiais do campeonato regional. Utilizou-se o teste t-pareado para comparar os dados coletivos entre os tempos de jogo, e uma ANOVA mista de duas vias para comparar a exploração espacial entre jogadores de diferentes posições nos dois tempos de jogo. Os resultados indicaram não haver diferença significativa nas variáveis coletivas entre os dois tempos de jogo. Maiores valores de exploração espacial foram reportados para meio-campistas e extremos. Conclui-se que o comportamento tático de jogadores profissionais é dependente da posição, e meio-campistas são os jogadores que mais exploram o campo de jogo.

Analysis of the small-sided games in volleyball: an ecological approach / Análise dos pequenos jogos no voleibol: uma abordagem ecológica

Abstract The aim of the present study was to compare the tactical and technical behavior of beginner players in volleyball side-out between four distinct situations of reduced games with different area/player ratios: 4.5 m2 (3.0 m x 3.0 m), 8.0 m2 (4.0 m x 4.0 m), 10.58 m2 (4.6 m x 4.6 m), and 13.52 m2 (5.2 m x 5.2 m). We analyzed 76 games played by 16 players with a mean age of 12.2 ± 0.5 years and experience of 1.2 ± 0.8 years of practice. Tactical and technical behavior was analyzed using an adaptation of the Game Performance Analysis Instrument (GPAI). The analysis was conducted for passing, setting and attacking according to the components related to technical adjustment, technical efficiency and decision-making. The results showed that players presented higher technical and tactical indexes in the passing and setting skills in 4.6 m x 4.6 m and 5.2 m x 5.2 m situations. Also, in the 3.0 m x 3.0 m situation higher technical indexes were found for the attacking. No differences were found in the tactical behavior of attacking for tested situations. We conclude that the environmental constraints imposed by the small-sided games imply distinct technical and technical behaviors. Thus, the pedagogical strategy of using small-sided games for the teaching of volleyball for beginner players must be associated with the intended objectives for each basic volleyball skills.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o comportamento tático e técnico de jogadores iniciantes no voleibol no side-out de acordo com quatro situações distintas de jogos reduzidos com diferentes relações área/jogador: 4,5 m2 (3,0 m x 3,0 m), 8,0 m2 (4,0 m x 4,0 m), 10,58 m2 (4,6 m x 4,6 m) e 13,52 m2 (5,2 m x 5,2 m). Foram analisados ​​76 jogos disputados por 16 jogadores com média de idade de 12,2 ± 0,5 anos e experiência de 1,2 ± 0,8 anos de prática. O comportamento tático e técnico foi analisado por meio de uma adaptação do Game Performance Analysis Instrument. A análise foi realizada para a recepção, o levantamento e o ataque de acordo com os componentes relacionados ao ajuste técnico, eficiência técnica e a tomada de decisão. Os resultados mostraram que os jogadores apresentaram índices táticos e técnicos superiores nas habilidades de recepção e levantamento nas situações de 4,6 m x 4,6 m e 5,2 m x 5,2 m. Além disso, na situação de 3,0 m x 3,0 m foram encontrados índices técnicos mais elevados para o ataque. Não foram encontradas diferenças no comportamento tático do ataque para as situações analisadas. Concluímos que as restrições ambientais, impostas pelos pequenos jogos, implicam em comportamentos táticos e técnicos distintos. Assim, a estratégia pedagógica de utilização de pequenos jogos para o ensino do voleibol para jogadores iniciantes deve estar associada aos objetivos pretendidos para cada uma das habilidades básicas do voleibol.

Análise do ataque do jogador de ponta no voleibol brasileiro masculino

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou identificar e analisar as chances de ocorrerem os efeitos dos ataques feitos pelos atacantes de ponta, a partir das posições 4 e 6, no side-out, segundo o efeito da recepção, tempo de ataque e o tipo de ataque. Foram analisados 142 jogos da Superliga Masculina 2014-2015, total de 6.185 ações de ataque. Os pontos de ataque foram predominantes após as recepções de excelente qualidade e os ataques potentes. Houve diferença no efeito da recepção, tipo de ataque e efeito do ataque, segundo o local da finalização (x2=33,68; p<0,001). Os ataques de ponta se caracterizaram por serem feitos após recepções que permitem o ataque organizado e pela potência do ataque. O local de ataque mostrou-se como diferenciador do tipo de ataque feito, sugeriu que as restrições ambientais exigem do atacante de ponta comportamento distinto em função do local da finalização.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify and analyse the chances to occur of the attack effects carried out from positions 4 and 6, the left-side attackers, in the side-out, according to the reception effect, attack tempo and attack type. It was analyzed 142 games of the 2014-2015 Men's Superleague, totaling 6185 attacks. The points of attack were predominant by the reception of excellent quality and the powerful attacks. There was difference in the effect of the reception, attack type and attack effect, according to the place of (x2=33,68; p<0,001). Attacks for zone 4 and 6 were characterized by being performed after receptions that allow the organized attack and the power of the attack. The attack place proved to be a differentiator of the attack type carried out, suggesting that the environmental restrictions require the attacker to behave differently according to the place of attack.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar y analizar las posibilidades de que se produjeran los efectos de los ataques feitos por los atacantes de punta, a partir de las posiciones 4 y 6, en el side-out, según el efecto de la recepción, tiempo de ataque y tipo de ataque. Se analizaron 142 partidos de la Superliga Masculina 2014-2015, con un total de 6.185 ataques. Dominaron los puntos de ataque después de la recepción de buena calidad y los ataques fuertes. Hay diferencia en la recepción, el tipo del ataque y el efecto del ataque según el lugar de la finalización (x2=33,68; p<0,001). Los ataques de punta se caracterizaron por su realización después de las recepciones que permitían el ataque organizado y por la fuerza del ataque. El lugar de ataque es un diferenciador del tipo de ataque feito y las restricciones ambientales exigen del atacante de punta un comportamiento diferente en función del lugar de la finalización.

Analysis of associations and factors predicting the effectiveness of finalization in the female handball of high level / Análise das associações e dos fatores preditivos da eficácia do lançamento no handebol feminino de alto nível

ABSTRACT The study aimed to analyze the association between the position of the attacker, the place of the finish and the direction of the finalization with the effectiveness of the finalization, as well as the predictive factors of this. A total of 6146 attack actions of 66 matches were analyzed by the 24 teams participating in the 2015 Women's World Handball Championship. For the association between the variables studied, we used the Chi-Square test and for predictive analysis of the data, we used the multinomial regression. The significance level of p≤0.05 was adopted and the software SPSS version 20.0 for Windows was used. The results showed an association between the finalization effect and the attacker's position (χ2 = 107.39, p = 0.0001, ɸ = 0.13), association between the finishing effect and the finishing direction (χ2 = 715, (Χ2 = 587.25, p = 0.0001, ɸ = 0.34), and that the predictive factors of the finalization effect was statistically significant (χ2 = 854.666; p <0.0001). Thus, from the results, it is possible to concluded that the effect of the finalization and the direction of the finalization, suggesting that the position of the player does not influence in obtaining the goal.

RESUMO O estudo objetivou analisar a associação entre a posição da atacante, o local do lançamento e a direção do lançamento com o efeito do lançamento, bem como os fatores preditivos deste. Foram analisadas 6146 ações de ataque de 66 jogos realizados pelas 24 equipes participantes do Campeonato Mundial de Handebol Feminino de 2015. Para a associação entre as variáveis estudadas recorreu-se ao teste do Qui-Quadrado e para análise preditiva utilizou-se à regressão logística multinomial. Adotou-se o valor de significância de p≤0,05 e utilizou-se o software SPSS versão 20.0 para Windows. Os resultados apontaram associação entre o efeito do lançamento e a posição da atacante (��2= 107,39; p=0,0001; ɸ=0,13), entre o efeito do lançamento e o local do lançamento (��2= 715,01; p=0,0001; ɸ=0,34), entre o efeito do lançamento e a direção do lançamento (��2= 587,25; p=0,0001; ɸ=0,34) e que o local do lançamento e a direção do lançamento foram fatores preditivos do efeito do lançamento (��2=854,666; p<0,0001). Assim, a partir dos resultados, pode-se concluir que o efeito do lançamento é predito pelo local do lançamento e pela direção do lançamento, sugerindo que a posição da jogadora não influencia na obtenção do gol.

Validade e confiabilidade de escalas observacionais para exame de técnicas motoras do voleibol: saque por cima, bloqueio e defesa / Validez y confiabilidad de escalas de observación para el examen de las técnicas motoras del voleibol: saque flotante con apoyo, bloqueo y defensa / Validity and reliability of observational scales for volleyball techniques: floating serve with support, block and defense

Objetivo: Elaborar, validar e testar a confiabilidade intra e interavaliadores de escalas observacionais para exame das técnicas motoras do saque flutuante com apoio, bloqueio ofensivo simples e defesa de manchete. Método: Participaram da validação de conteúdo e testagem da confiabilidade dezesseis (16) treinadores de voleibol com mais de 10 anos de experiência. Foram avaliadas cinco ações de cada uma das técnicas motoras, executadas por cinco atletas de voleibol federados. Foi utilizado o teste Kappa Múltiplo (KM) para análise estatística da força de concordância intra e interavaliadores e o nível de significância foi de p<0.05. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que as três escalas obtiveram índices de concordância (≥87.5%) para a validade de conteúdo. Quanto à confiabilidade intra-avaliadores, os resultados demonstraram que as escalas observacionais saque, bloqueio e defesa obtiveram força de concordância boa (0.40≤KM≤0.59). A análise da confiabilidade interavaliadores das escalas observacionais saque (KM=0.75) e defesa (KM=0.66) obtiveram força de concordância muito boa e a escala observacional bloqueio (KM=0.82) obteve força de concordância excelente. Conclusões: As escalas criadas são confiáveis e adequadas para a análise das técnicas motoras saque flutuante com apoio, bloqueio ofensivo simples e defesa de manchete

Objetivo: Elaborar, validar y probar la confiabilidad intra e inter-evaluadores de escalas de observación para el examen de las técnicas motoras del saque flotante con apoyo, bloqueo ofensivo sencillo y defensa baja. Método: Participar en la validación del contenido y prueba de confiabilidad dieciséis entrenadores de voleibol con más de diez años de experiencia. Fueron evaluadas cinco acciones de cada una de las técnicas motoras, ejecutadas por cinco atletas de voleibol federados. Se utilizó la prueba Kappa Múltiple (KM) para el análisis estadístico de las fuerzas de concordancia intra e inter-evaluadores y el nivel de significancia fue de p<0.05. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que las tres escalas obtuvieron índices de concordancia de (≥87.5%) para la validez de contenido. En cuanto a la confiabilidad intra-evaluadores, los resultados demostraron que las escalas de observación de saque, bloqueo y defensa obtuvieron fuerza de concordancia buena (0.40≤KM≤0.59). El análisis de la confiabilidad inter-evaluadores de las escalas de observación saque (KM= 0.75) y defensa (KM=0.66) obtuvieron fuerza de concordancia muy buena y la escala de observación de bloqueo (KM=0.82) obtuvo fuerza de concordancia excelente. Conclusiones: Las escalas creadas son confiables y adecuadas para el análisis de las técnicas motoras de saque flotante con apoyo, bloqueo ofensivo simple y defensa baja

Objective: Elaborate, validate and test the intra and inter-expert reliability of observational scales for the examination of the volleyball techniques, floating serve with support, simple offensive blocking and underhand defense. Methods: Sixteen coaches of the brazilian national volleyball team with more than ten years of practice in this sport, participated in the validation. Each coach evaluated five actions of each volleyball technique, performed by five federated volleyball athletes. Multiple Kappa test (KM) was used for statistical analysis of inter and intra-expert agreement strength and the significance level adopted was p <0.05. Results: The three scales obtained agreement indexes (≥87.5%) for content validity. Regarding intra-expert reliability, the results demonstrated that the observational, blocks, and defense scales had good agreement strength (0.40≤KM≤0.59). Regarding the inter-expert reliability, the observational scales serve (KM=0.75) and defense (KM=0.66) presente very good agreement strength and the observational scale block (KM=0.82) obtained excellent concordance strength. Conclusions: The scales are reliable and suitable for the analysis of motor skills floating serve with support, simple offensive blocking and underhand defense

Effects of placebo on bench throw performance of Paralympic weightlifting athletes: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to analyse the effects of placebo on bench throw performance in Paralympic weightlifting athletes. METHODS: The study involved four Paralympic weightlifting male athletes (age: 40.25 ± 9.91 years, weight: 60.5 ± 8.29 kg, height: 1.60 ± 0.15 m) that visited the laboratory in three occasions, separated by 72 h. In the first session, the athletes were tested for bench press one repetition maximum (1RM). The other two sessions were performed in a randomized counter-balanced order and involved bench throw tests performed either after taking placebo while being informed that the capsule contained caffeine or without taking any substance (control). The bench throw tests were performed with loads corresponding to 50, 60, 70 and 80% of the bench press 1RM. RESULTS: According to the results, mean velocity (∆: 0.08 m/s, ES 0.36, p < 0.05) and mean propulsive velocity (∆: 0.11 m/s, ES 0.49, p < 0.05) at 50% of 1RM were significantly higher during placebo than control (p < 0.05). However, there were no difference between control and placebo for 60, 70 and 80% of 1RM (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that placebo intake, when the athletes were informed they were taking caffeine, might be an efficient strategy to improve the performance of explosive movements in Paralympic weightlifting athletes when using low-loads. This brings the possibility of using placebo in order to increase performance, which might reduce the risks associated with ergogenic aids, such as side-effects and positive doping testing.